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| Zone | Surrounding | Lighting Environment | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| E0 | Protected | Dark | UNESCO Starlight Reserves, IDA Dark Sky Parks |
| E1 | Natural | Intrinsically dark | National Parks, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty etc. |
| E2 | Rural | Low district brightness | Village or relatively dark outer suburban locations |
| E3 | Suburban | Medium district brightness | Small town centres or suburban locations |
| E4 | Urban | High district brightness | Town/city centres with high levels of night-time activity |
The following describes the area surrounding the site in relation to existing sources of lighting in the area, coupled with work to identify sensitive receptors of a new system of lighting.
Colby Football Club is adjacent to residential properties and Colby Railway Station which are to the north of the site, separated by the railway line with hedgerow and trees to the south of the line. Access to Colby Football Club is via a new access road (built during the construction works) from Main Road which has existing side entry street lighting luminaires mounted at approximately 5m above ground level on telegraph poles. Existing street lighting is provided to Station Road, the closest residential area to the site, via standard column mounted side entry luminaires.
The Institute of Lighting Professionals Guidance Notes for the Reduction of Obtrusive Light 2011 lists five environmental zones:
It is recommended that Local Planning Authorities specify the following environmental zones for exterior lighting control within their Development Plans.
Using this guidance Colby Football Club is deemed to fall within the E2 environmental zone as it is on the southern boundary of Colby Village, surrounded on three sides by fields. This Environmental Zone allows a Sky Glow ULR of up to 2.5%.
These zones establish ‘Obtrusive Lighting Limitations for External Lighting Installations’ and include the effects of sky glow and light intrusion. The limits published within this document sets upper performance levels above which the lighting would be considered as a nuisance to persons within adjacent properties (sensitive receptors).
Sensitive receptors, with reference to this proposed development, are the residents located to the north of the site.
Careful consideration at the planning and design stages can ensure that the task that requires lighting can be achieved whilst controlling light pollution and the first question posed should be “do I need to light it?” If external lighting is required then the design must ensure that only the right amount of light is provided for the required task and that this is controlled to avoid obtrusive light or light pollution.
There are also various environmental considerations that need to be taken into account when considering the installation of exterior lighting. These being the direct energy usage, the visual impact of the lighting equipment during the day, the effect of light spillage on surrounding areas, the spill of light into the night sky, the effects on animal and plant life, interference with adjacent transport routes and in some instances the embodied energy of the installation itself. These factors vary in importance depending upon the type of lighting and location. The need to provide light for safety should not be compromised for the sake of energy saving or the fear of light pollution, but rather the scheme should be designed well to satisfy all requirements.
Exterior lighting would be required to this development due to the use of onsite pedestrian and vehicle circulation routes during hours of darkness. Users of the car parking facilities would require lighting to use circulation routes between the Clubhouse and their vehicle as well as the access road to Main Road to secure their health and safety throughout the hours of darkness.
The proposed system of lighting proposed for the car park, which includes pedestrian walkways, is 5m column mounted Philips Mini Iridium LED street light luminaires with a Luminaire Luminous Flux of 1600 lumens and a spread of light at 76°. This spread of light reduces light spill and glare to an absolute minimum and is well below the upward light output zone referred to in the ILP Guidance Note of between 90° and 100° for minimising sky glow.
The proposed system of lighting proposed for the access road is 4m column mounted Philips Mini Iridium LED street light luminaires with a Luminaire Luminous Flux of 1600 lumens and a spread of light at 76°. This spread of light reduces light spill and glare to an absolute minimum and is well below the upward light output zone referred to in the ILP Guidance Note of between 90° and 100° for minimising sky glow.
A potential alternative to column mounted luminaires would be low level bollard luminaires which are described in The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) Lighting Guide 6 as “used for lighting many subways, walkways, stairs and steps. These various types of small luminaires are often within hand reach and consequently provide attractive targets for vandals.” This description deters the designer from using bollard luminaires due to the types of area to be lit being an open car park and a roadway, both areas would typically be lit by floodlights mounted on columns or walls, referred to as area lighting luminaires. Open area luminaires would be preferable due to the requirement of CIBSE Lighting Guide 6 to provide “general lighting that clearly reveals cars and pedestrians, enables empty parking bays to be detected easily, and assists site supervision and security.”
It is recognised that suitable lighting control is required to be installed and as such all lighting shall be controlled through the use of photoelectric cells and time clocks. Photoelectric cells will be either integral to the luminaire or positioned so as to be local to the relevant lighting circuit. These will prevent the use of artificial lighting when sufficient daylight is available to
meet the lux levels defined above. Each external lighting circuit will also be timeclock controlled at the distribution board supplying the circuit and will be grouped by contactors as required. Timeclocks will operate the external lighting during hours post curfew, (suggested as 23:00 hours by The Institute of Lighting Professionals Guidance Notes for the Reduction of Obtrusive Light 2011) which in this instance would be the same as the hours of operation permitted for the Clubhouse; between 07:30 and 22:45 hours Sundays to Thursdays and 07:30 and 23:45 hours Fridays and Saturdays.
BS 5489-1:2003 + A2:2008 Code of Practice for the Design Road Lighting – Part 1: Lighting of Roads and Public Amenity Areas BS 5489-9:1996 Code of Practice for Lighting for Urban Centres and Public Amenity Areas The Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) Environmental Considerations for Exterior Lighting The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers Lighting Guides The Institute of Lighting Professionals (ILP) Guidance Notes for the Reduction of Obtrusive Light 2011 Lighting in the Countryside: Towards Good Practice (1997) Park Mark Safer Parking Assessment Guidelines for Parking Facility Owners/Operators Park Mark Safer Parking New Build Car Park Guidelines for Car Park Designers, Operators and Owners The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution “Artificial Lighting in the Environment”
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